Percepción de las vías del parto de mujeres en edad reproductiva: una revisión de la literatura / Perception regarding the delivery routes of women in reproductive age: a literature review

OBJETIVO: Explorar la percepción de mujeres en edad reproductiva con respecto a las vías del parto reportada en la evidencia disponible. MÉTODO: Se llevó a cabo una revisión sistematizada de artículos en las bases de datos PubMed, SciELO, SCOPUS, Web of Science, LILACS, Cochrane Library y Biblioteca Virtual de Salud. La búsqueda se realizó entre agosto y noviembre del año 2020. Los términos MeSH usados fueron "Perception", "Delivery Obstetric", "Cesarean Section" y "Woman", junto con los términos DECS "Percepción", "Parto Obstétrico", "Cesárea" y "Mujeres". Además, se utilizaron los términos libres "Perceptions", "Vaginal Delivery", "Obstetric Deliveries", "Abdominal Deliveries", "Caesarean Section" y "Womens Groups". En la totalidad de las bases de datos utilizadas se aplicaron como límites de búsqueda "Last 5 Years" y "Free Full Text". RESULTADOS: Respecto a la percepción de las vías de parto, se constató la preferencia de la vía vaginal sobre la cesárea. Además, se evidenciaron factores que influyen en el proceso, tales como miedo, experiencia previa, influencia de terceros, religión, cultura, nivel socioeconómico y zona demográfica. CONCLUSIONES: La evidencia revisada sugiere que las mujeres prefieren la vía del parto vaginal sobre la cesárea, siendo el miedo el factor más influyente al momento de su elección, seguido por los factores asociados a experiencias previas, el nivel socioeconómico y las creencias.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the perception of women of reproductive age regarding delivery routes reported in the available evidence. METHOD: A systematized review of articles in PubMed, SciELO, SCOPUS, Web of Science, LILACS, Cochrane Library, Biblioteca Virtual de Salud databases, was carried out. The search was conducted between August and November 2020. MeSH descriptors "Perception", "Delivery Obstetric", "Cesarean Section" and "Woman", along with DECS descriptors "Percepciones", "Parto Obstétrico", "Cesárea" and "Mujeres", were used. Also, free terms "Perceptions", "Vaginal Delivery", "Obstetric Deliveries", "Abdominal Deliveries", "Caesarean Section" and "Womens Groups". In the totality of databases limits of search "Last 5 years" and "Free Full Text", were used. RESULTS: Regarding the perception of the delivery routes, the preference of the vaginal route over caesarean section was verified. In addition, factors that influence the process such as fear, previous experience, influence of third parties, religion, culture, socioeconomic level and demographic area were evidenced. CONCLUSIONS: The reviewed evidence suggests that women prefer the vaginal delivery route over caesarean section with fear being the most influential factor at the time of their choice, and secondly, the factors associated with previous experiences, socioeconomic level and beliefs.

La importancia de la oxitocina en el vínculo entre perros y personas / The relevance of oxytocin in the dog-human bond

Dadas las crecientes investigaciones acerca de las habilidades sociocognitivas de los perros domésticos, recientemente se renovó el interés hacia sus correlatos fisiológicos. Particularmente se está indagando en el papel de la oxitocina (OT), una neurohormona que modula las conductas afiliativas y sociocognitivas de diversas especies. El objetivo del presente trabajo es realizar una revisión de los estudios sobre los efectos de la OT en las conductas sociocognitivas en perros. Se analizarán los trabajos que miden OT endógena y los efectos de la administración exógena. Asimismo, se presentarán las posibles áreas de aplicación, así como la dirección de futuras investigaciones en el área.

Given the growing investigation on the dog-human bond and sociocognitive skills of domestic dogs, the focus of research has recently been shifted towards its physiological correlates. Oxytocin (OT), a neuro-hormone that modulates affiliative and sociocognitive behaviors in a wide number of species, has received particular interest. The aim of this paper is to review studies which focus on the effects of OT on the socio-cognitive behaviors in dogs. These works were divided into investigations that measured endogenous and exogenous administration of OT. Several endogenous OT studies measure OT concentration in dogs using samples of blood, urine or saliva. In these studies, OT effects on affiliative interactions, mutual gazing and stressful situations were found. Physical contact and gazing were affiliative interactions which modulated the OT release. In addition, proximity and contact seeking were associated with OT release in stressful situations. Exogenous OT studies measure the physiological and behavioral effects of OT intranasal administration. These studies were grouped into research that found effects of OT in social interaction, gaze, communication, and cognitive bias in dogs. In the social interaction studies, intranasal OT was found to improve affiliative behaviors with both interspecifics and conspecifics. In gazing studies, this neuro-hormone was found to increase gazing towards the region of human eyes, even in threatening contexts. Regarding communicative effects, OT modulated the ability to follow human communicative cues in dogs. Moreover, was found that OT increased positive cognitive bias and induced positive expectations. Although there is evidence of OT influencing behavior on both sexes, some studies have found differences based on gender. For example, the females had longer gaze duration toward humans, improved following of human communicative cues such as pointing and looked more at projected images on a screen than males. These effects could be explained by the interaction of the OT system and the estrogen levels in females. Concerning the applied area, OT could beused in the treatment of canine behavioral problems such as social deficits, phobias and separation anxiety. Moreover, it could facilitate integration in dogs with poor early socialization, like shelter or abandoned dogs. In addition, it could improve the training in rescue and assistance dogs. However, further research is needed since there are no follow-up reports of treatments in dogs. In conclusion, OT increases affiliative behaviors in dogs both towards humans and their conspecifics. Regarding endogenous OT studies, effects were found with both brief interactions ranging between 3 and 4 minutes, as well as long-term interactions, between 25 and 30 minutes. In exogenous OT studies, although there is no consensus on the amounts of OT to be administered, effects were found with 2 IU / kg,12, 24 and 40 IU on at least one of the measured variables. Specifically, nasal OT enhances the ability to use human communicative cues, induces positive expectations about neutral stimuli, and increases gaze both toward human eyes and to socially relevant stimuli. A number of exogenous OT studies showed differential effects on sex. Female dogs had greater responses to exogenous OT administration than males. Therefore, sex should be a variable to be considered in future studies. In sum, although the studies in this field are incipient, OT appears to be key in the interaction between dogs and humans since it participates in the interspecific bond, affiliative behaviors and socio-cognitive skills in domestic dogs.

La pre-consulta como estratégia de enseñanza-aprendizaje / Pre-consultation as a teaching-learning strategy

Desde el 2012 se desarrolla en Córdoba una experiencia de formación preprofesional interdisciplinaria propiciada por el Departamento de Medicina Familiar (UNC). En el ámbito de consultorio, los estudiantes deben entrevistar y examinar al paciente para luego presentar la situación clínica a un tutor, quien orienta la resolución de la misma. El objetivo general de este trabajo es describir la percepción de los estudiantes sobre la “pre-consulta” como estrategia de enseñanza-aprendizaje en la práctica clínica, y los específicos son identificar facilitadores y obstaculizadores del aprendizaje y los aportes de la misma para la incorporación de componentes del Proceso Clínico Centrado en la Persona (PCCP). Se realizó un estudio cualitativo con 19 entrevistas semiestructuradas y un grupo focal. El contenido se analizó desde las teorías del aprendizaje. La pre-consulta se percibe como una estrategia que brinda aportes significativos al aprendizaje de la práctica clínica y motiva el auto aprendizaje. Facilitadores: constituir un desafío para el estudiante al confrontarse con sus propias habilidades y la interacción con el tutor docente. Obstaculizadores: incomodidad sentida por las interrupciones en la atención de los pacientes. La incorporación de componentes del PCCP es potenciado con la utilización de un instrumento de registro estructurado para las consultas. La pre-consulta es percibida como una metodología útil para el proceso enseñanza-aprendizaje en la práctica clínica. Es recomendable porque propicia el “saber hacer” en la atención integral de las personas.

Since 2012 an interdisciplinary experience of pre-professional practices has been developing in the city of Córdoba. Such practices are propitiated by the Department of Family Medicine (UNC) . The students must examine and interview the patient and then present the clinical situation to a tutor who guides its resolution. The primary aim of this study was to describe the perception of students about the pre-consultation as a teaching-learning strategy in clinical practice, and the secondary aims were to identify obstacles and facilitators in the learning process and its contributions in the incorporation of the Person-Centered Clinical Method (PCCP). A qualitative study was carried out, with 19 interviews and one focus group. Content analysis was done from learning theories. The preconsultation is perceived as a strategy that provides significant clinical practice learning and encourages self-learning. Facilitators: it poses a challenge to the student when he/she is confronted with their own skills and interaction with the teacher or tutor. Obstacles: interruptions in patient care discomfort. The incorporation of PCCP components is enhanced with the use of a structured instrument for recording the consultations. Pre-consultations are perceived as a useful method for the teachinglearning process in clinical practice. It is recommended as it encourages the know-how in the comprehensive care of people.

Interspecific social skills in a highly socialized Aguará Guazú (maned wolf, Chrysocyon brachyurus). A pilot-subject study

Some beliefs seem to be more resilient to change and extinction than others. This paper argues that some of the strong beliefs held by humans have deep biological roots in our evolutionary past, and the neuronal pathways and structures that support them can be found in other species. This paper describes four basic universal criteria present in persistent beliefs: intuitibility, predictability, reliability and utility (IPRU). The paper argues that the study of belief as a modern scientific discipline will require consideration of the evolutionary context through which the neural pathways associated with belief formation, maintenance and endorsement have emerged. We also suggest that the study of religious belief has discouraged the adoption of an overarching framework for understanding our belief system in all its breadth. Our approach incorporates evolution-driven cognitive and affective biases, attachment mechanisms and reward expectation. Rather than operating as genuinely adaptive phenomena associated with evolutionary advantage, we suggest that belief systems emerge as a by-product of evolutionary pressures

Há crenças que parecem ser mais resilientes a mudanças e extinção do que outras. Este artigo argumenta que algumas das crenças humanas mais fortes têm raízes biológicas profundas em nosso passado evolutivo, e que vias e estruturas nervosas que as suportam podem ser encontradas em outra espécie. Este trabalho descreve quatro critérios universais básicos nas crenças persistentes: ser intuitiva, ser previsível, ser confiável e ser utilizável (IPRU). O trabalho argumenta que o estudo de crença como uma disciplina moderna demandará considerações sobre o contexto evolutivo, através do qual emergiram vias neurais associadas à formação, manutenção e apoio à crença. Também é sugerido que o estudo da crença religiosa tem desencorajado a adoção de um contexto abrangente para a compreensão de nosso sistema de crença em toda a sua profundidade. Abordagem aqui utilizada incorpora viés cognitivo movido pela evolução assim como viés afetivo, mecanismos de fixação e expectativas de recompensa. Sugerimos que os sistemas de crença emergiram como subproduto de pressões evolutivas, ao invés de operar como um processo genuinamente adaptativo associado a vantagens evolutivas

¿Pueden los perros domésticos (canis lupus familiaris) reconocer expresiones emocionales humanas? una revisión crítica de las evidencias / Can domestic dogs (canis lupus familiaris) recognize human emotional expressions? a critical review of the evidence

Las expresiones emocionales tienen un papel fundamental en las interacciones de especies sociales, brindando información acerca del emisor, las características e importancia del estímulo o situación que desencadena tales interacciones, y también funcionan regulando los vínculos sociales. Los perros poseen notorias capacidades comunicativas hacia los humanos por lo que resulta interesante estudiar si estas habilidades se extienden al reconocimiento de las expresiones emocionales. Se han realizado diversas investigaciones acerca del reconocimiento de expresiones emocionales humanas en perros exponiéndolos a una situación representada por personas durante la evaluación, así como mediante el uso de imágenes, videos y grabaciones. El análisis de las evidencias permite concluir que los perros podrían distinguir entre distintas emociones humanas ya sea en presencia de modelos en vivo o mediante la observación de imágenes y modulan su conducta conforme esta discriminación, así como también pueden utilizar esta información como clave en la resolución de problemas. Sin embargo, aún no están claros los mecanismos que subyacen a estas habilidades.

Emotional expressions play a critical role in the interactions among individuals, particularly, in social species. They provide information about the sender and the characteristics and importance of the triggering stimulus or situation, also regulating social ties. Dogs have notorious communication skills towards humans, which makes the study of their ability to recognize human emotional expressions an interesting endeavor. There have been several studies in which dogs have been tested using real people in an experimental situation as well as images, video and audio recordings of people's expressions. The evidence suggests that dogs can discriminate between different human emotions either in the presence of live models or by looking at images. This type of information has been shown to modulate their behavior and to be used as cues to solve problems. However, the mechanisms underlying these abilities are not fully understood yet.

Evaluación del temperamento en perros de refugio y de familia. Un estudio comparativo / Avaliação do temperamento em cães de refúgio e de família. Um estudo comparativo / Evaluation of the temperament of shelter dogs and family pets. A comparative study

Este estudio comparó el desempeño de perros de refugio y de familia en una batería de pruebas comportamentales de temperamento, con el fin de evaluar si existe una asociación entre las condiciones de alojamiento en refugios (restricción social y espacial) y la aparición de alteraciones del comportamiento. Se utilizaron 30 perros domésticos mestizos a los que se les administró una batería de cuatro pruebas de temperamento: sociabilidad y miedo interespecífico, entrenabilidad, agresión interespecífica y miedo no social. Los resultados muestran que, comparados con los perros de familia, los perros de refugio permanecieron más tiempo cerca de la experimentadora en la prueba de sociabilidad y presentaron puntuaciones significativamente más elevadas en la prueba de miedo no-social.

The study compared the performance of shelter dogs and family pets in a battery of behavioral temperament tests, in order to evaluate whether there is an association between the living conditions in shelters (social and spatial restriction) and alterations of behavior. Thirty half-breed house dogs were given a battery of four temperament tests: sociability and interspecific fear, trainability, interspecific aggression, and non-social fear. Results show that, compared to family pets, shelter dogs remained close to the experimenter for a longer period during the sociability test and their scores were significantly higher in the non-social fear test.

Este estudo comparou o desempenho de cães de refúgio e de família em uma série de provas comportamentais de temperamento, com o objetivo de avaliar se existe uma associação entre as condições de alojamento em refúgios (restrição social e espacial) e o surgimento de alterações do comportamento. Utilizaram-se 30 cães domésticos mestiços aos quais foram dadas quatro provas de temperamento: sociabilidade e medo interespecífico, treinabilidade, agressão interespecífica e medo não social. Os resultados mostram que, comparados com os cães de família, os de refúgio permaneceram mais tempo perto da experimentadora na prova de sociabilidade e apresentaram pontuações significativamente mais elevadas nas provas de medo não social.

Relación entre ll tipo de alojamiento y las resuestas de mirada, sociabilidad y miedo-apaciGuamiento en perros / Association between housing type and gaze, sociability, and fear-appeasement responses in dogs

El objetivo del presente artículo es estudiar si el alojamiento en refugios caninos altera las respuestas de mirar a la cara humana, el acercamiento y las conductas de miedo-apaciguamiento (cola y orejas bajas, agazapamiento) hacia una persona desconocida y si existe una relación entre estos comportamientos. Para ello se evaluaron ocho perros alojados por al menos dos años en un refugio y nueve perros de familia, adultos, mestizos y de ambos sexos. La evaluación se dividió en dos situaciones: una prueba de sociabilidad consistente en la exposición a la presencia de una persona desconocida que se comporta de manera pasiva, y una tarea comunicativa en la que una persona desconocida se coloca cerca de una fuente de comida que está a la vista pero inaccesible a los animales. Los resultados muestran que en ambas pruebas los perros de refugio mostraron mayores conductas de miedo-apaciguamiento hacia la persona, pero no mostraron diferencias en sus respuestas de acercamiento ni en la mirada a la cara humana. Sin embargo, la duración de la mirada en ambos grupos fue mayor en la tarea comunicativa, en la que había comida, a diferencia de la prueba de sociabilidad. En conclusión, el alojamiento en refugios alteraría algunas respuestas vinculadas al miedo-apaciguamiento, modificando la calidad del vínculo que puede establecerse entre ambas especies.

The aim of this work is to study the effects of housing conditions, shelter versus family house, on gaze response as well as on sociability and fear-appeasement (tail and ears down and crouching) behaviors. Also, the objective is to analyze whether there is a relationship between these behaviors. Eight shelter and nine family dogs, adult, both sexes and mixed breeds were assessed in a sociability test in which dogs were exposed to the presence of an unknown human who acted passively and a communicative task in which a person remain near a visible but unreachable source of food. Results showed that, in both tests, shelter dogs showed more fear-appeasement behaviors than family dogs but there were no differences in their approaching levels to the human. Moreover, the groups didn't show differences in their gaze response towards the human face. However, gaze duration was longer in the communicative task, where food was present, than in the sociability test, in both groups. In conclusion, housing in a shelter could modify some responses of the dogs related to fear-appeasement towards humans affecting the quality of the bond between them.

Calidad de vida en perros alojados en refugios: intervenciones para mejorar su bienestar / Quality of life in shelter dogs: interventions to improve their welfare

Los refugios caninos tienen como finalidad albergar a los perros extraviados, vagabundos o abandonados. En Argentina, a diferencia de lo que sucede en países anglosajones, la estadía de los animales en los refugios se vuelve permanente, entre otras razones por la ausencia de políticas adecuadas de adopción. En el presente trabajo se revisan las investigaciones realizadas con perros alojados en refugios. La información recabada sugiere que éstos muestran alteraciones conductuales y fisiológicas similares a las que se observan en otras especies bajo condiciones de cautiverio. Esto indica que en dichas circunstancias el bienestar se encuentra comprometido.Con el objetivo de mejorar la calidad de vida de los animales se han llevado a cabo numerosas intervenciones como la introducción de objetos e interacciones sociales con humanos o conespecíficos arrojando resultados variables. Por otro lado, la implementación de evaluaciones conductuales puede ser de utilidad en el medio local mejorando el trabajo del personal de los refugios. A la luz de los resultados obtenidos se sugieren nuevas estrategias para la mejora del bienestar canino en los establecimientos de nuestra región.

Dog shelters have as purpose to lodge the missed, stray or relinquisheddogs. In Argentina, unlike what happens in Anglo-Saxon countries, theanimals stay in the shelters in a permanent way, in part due to the absence of suitable policies of adoption. In the present work, investigations about shelter dogs are reviewed. Data suggest that they show behavioral and physiological alterations similar to the ones observed in other species undercaptivity. This indicates that in the above mentioned circumstances the welfare is in danger. With the aim to improve the quality of life of the dogs, numerous interventions have been carried out but did not lead to conclusive results. For example, the introduction of objects and social interactions with humans or conspecifics were done. The implementation of behavioral evaluations in the local shelters can be useful to improve the staff’s duties. Taking account of the reviewed results, new strategies for the improvement of the canine welfare in the establishments of our region are suggested.